Эссе
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения (стратегии общие для двух типов)
- строить высказывание в соответствии с предложенным планом;
- начинать введение следует с общего представления темы и предложения, отображающего ее проблемный характер;
- во введение перефразировать тему/проблему, данную в задании, не повторяя ее дословно;
- при планировании письменного высказывания сначала продумать ключевые фразы каждого абзаца;
- делить текст на абзацы, которые отражают логическую и содержательную структуру текста;
- каждый абзац должен быть написан соответствующим образом (рекомендуется в первом предложении абзаца выразить его основную мысль и далее ее развивать, подкреплять примерами и аргументами и т.д.);
- введение и заключение должны быть приблизительно одинаковы по объему;
- в основной части должно быть как минимум два абзаца, приблизительно одинаковых по размеру;
- общий объем основной части не должен быть меньше общего объема введения и заключения;
- особое внимание уделять средствам логической связи текста, как внутри предложений, так и между предложениями.
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения «За» и «Против»
- в основной части сначала представить аргументы «за» в первом абзаце, затем во втором - аргументы «против»;
- число аргументов «за» и аргументов «против» должно быть сбалансированным (может быть одинаковым);
- желательно аргументы представлять симметрично (например, социальные, психологические, образовательные аспекты проблемы);
- в заключительном абзаце (заключении) еще раз указать на проблемный характер темы; подытожить аргументы «за» и «против»; подвести итог сказанному. Можно выразить надежду на нахождение компромисса, подсказать этот компромиссный путь.
- хотя тема сформулирована как «За» и «против», а не «Ваше мнение», в заключении уместно высказать свое мнение (формулировки: на мой взгляд, аргументы «за» более весомы / представляется, что противники этой идеи более убедительны и т.п.) или, наоборот подчеркнуть, что у автора пока не сложилось свое мнение по данному вопросу.
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения «Ваше мнение»
- в основной части сначала высказать свое мнение и аргументировать его, затем представить другие точки зрения и дать аргументацию, почему вы с ними не согласны;
- приводя контраргументы, отстаивая свою точку зрения, желательно выражать свое мнение не теми же словами, что раньше, а использовать перифраз, синонимию;
- в заключительном абзаце (заключении) еще раз указать на проблемный характер темы; показать, что хотя у вас есть свое мнение, вы способны видеть и другие точки зрения; тем не менее, своя кажется вам более убедительной.
Образцы письменных высказываний с элементами рассуждения
Задание 1 для учащегося
C2. You have 40 minutes to do this task.
Comment on the following statement
Some people prefer to travel abroad; others say that there is much to be seen in our own country.
What can you say for and against international and domestic tourism?
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan
Introduction (State the problem)
Arguments “for”
Arguments “against”
Conclusion
Пример письменного высказывания с элементами рассуждения («за» и «против»), выполненного учащимся и оцененного в 14 баллов (3 - содержание, 3 - организация текста, 3 - лексика, 3 - грамматика, 2 - орфография и пунктуация)
International tourism is often contrasted with domestic tourism, with the former meaning exciting adventure and the latter, boring leisure. Let’s examine some of the reasons for such differences of attitude and opinion.
As far as the advantages of international tourism are concerned, these are above all the rich cultural opportunities and an excellent service in hotels. Tourists could visit different museums, galleries, get acquainted with new traditions and customs, taste new food, practice a foreign language and learn something new.
Domestic tourism also has many advantages such as an opportunity to meet new friends, to admire the most beautiful places of our country, to learn more about our history. What is more, there are also a lot of sights and interesting museums to be seen in our own country.
As far as the disadvantages of international tourism one can name the need to have international passports, to get visas, currency. Besides not everyone can afford to pay big sums of money for travelling expenses and accommodation.
There are some disadvantages of domestic tourism as well. Firstly, service at hotels, shops is worse than abroad. Secondly, everything seems boring because there isn’t much change in the world around you. Moreover, a lot of domestic tours cost as much as the international ones.
To sum it up, both international and domestic tours have its advantages and disadvantages. An English proverb says “Many men, many minds”. So, one should choose what is better for himself.
Задание 2 для учащегося
C2.You have 40 minutes to do this task.
Comment on the following statement.
My parents say the way they lived in the past was more secure. However, I believe that young people are given a lot more life opportunities nowadays.
What is your opinion? Which way of life will be more satisfying for future generations?
Write 200 – 250 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction (state the problem)
- express your personal opinion and give reasons for it
- give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it
- draw a conclusion
Пример письменного высказывания с элементами рассуждения («высказывание мнения»), выполненного учащимся и оцененного в 14 баллов (3-содержание, 3-организация текста, 3-лексика, 3-грамматика, 2-орфография и пунктуация)
A lot of people, especially of older age, claim that life in their youth was much quieter and they were more sure of tomorrow than young people nowadays. But there are many things I do appreciate today. Among them is a great variety of opportunities we have in life.
Firstly, the life has cardinally changed and at present young people, using Internet and traveling abroad, are more and more informed about the world and other cultures. Secondly, there is a wide choice of activities in which we can take part now, starting from leisure clubs up to political and volunteer programmes. Another thing to mention is a different range of job vacancies offered to young people to earn their own money. This gives us more independence from our family but, on the other hand, it teaches us to be responsible for decisions we make.
However, our society now faces some serious problems such as high crime rate, drug, game and smoking addictions, AIDS, poor environment, etc. They say the society was kinder, the tempo of life was slower. They were not afraid of unemployment. These are the reasons for the parents’ concern about our future. And though I share their worries, I would rather risk than have uneventful, monotonous, predictable life.
To sum up, I believe, modern life gives more opportunities and challenges to the youth. There is more freedom, life is more exciting. That is why I hold an opinion that the way of life of today is more satisfying.
The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century will bring? Use examples and details in your answer.
Man, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when he depicted a herd of mammoths on the walls of his cave to these days when he can create beautiful pictures and even make coffee by use of computer technologies without leaving his favorite chair. The 20th century made huge steps in developing computer technologies and reached many goals that made our life much easier. What should we expect in the 21st century?
First of all, I think that the pace of our life will speed up: we will move faster from one place to another, from one continent to another using high speed jet airplanes. Second of all, I believe that we will be able to do many things that take much time now without leaving our house. Computers will be everywhere including out clothes. Many people will have chips and mini computers inserted in their heads to hold huge amount of information and have a quick access to it.
But what will be the most amazing thing in the 21st century is the flights to the outer space and Mars that will be available to all people. Scientists say that Mars has many things similar to the Earth's. Moreover, they say that with the help of modern technology people can artificially create conditions that will allow people to live there on the constant basis.
To sum up, I am sure that many amazing changes will be brought by the 21st century. Furthermore, I think that with the help of the contemporary technologies people can do many things that were even difficult to imagine a century ago. So, nowadays it is rather difficult and even impossible to imagine all changes that will happen in the next decades.